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on August the 15th 1944 American and

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British troops invaded the south coast

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of France

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[Music]

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unlike d-day in Normandy ten weeks

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before operation Dragoon as it was

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called has passed by relatively

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unnoticed

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[Music]

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yet behind<font color="

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the landings had been angrily opposed by

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the British Prime Minister Winston

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Churchill he told the American president

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Franklin Roosevelt they were the first

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major strategic and political error for

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which we<font color="

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the festering soul which underlay

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Churchill's outburst was not about his

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enemy Hitler but his ally the Soviet

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leader Joseph Stalin

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operation Dragoon is the final act in a

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mental duel between Stalin and Churchill

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<font color="

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impose his own will on the future of

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post-war Europe as their duel progressed

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Roosevelt entered the arena and also

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started to plot behind churchand back

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<font color="

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figure upon whom the duels outcome with

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the pennant

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at stake was the future freedom and

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independence of hundreds of millions of

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people

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[Music]

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on the evening of Saturday June the 21st

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1941 Winston Churchill held a dinner

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<font color="

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country residence in the Chilton Hills

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outside London conversation was

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dominated by reports that Hitler was

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about to tear up his pact with Stalin

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and invade Russia among the guests was

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Churchill's private secretary John

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Calvin the<font color="

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help Russia I said that for him the arch

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anti-communist this was bowing down in

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the house of rimmon he replied that he

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<font color="

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destruction of Hitler and his life was

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much simplified thereby if Hitler

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invaded hell he would at least make a

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favorable reference to the devil

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in the small hours of June the 22nd

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<font color="

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way into Russia immediately the arch

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anti-communist welcomes Stalin as an

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ally but Stalin remains suspicious of

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Churchill and believe that what he

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really wanted was for Germany and Russia

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to destroy each other

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Churchill<font color="

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Stalin would do another deal with Hitler

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in December 1941 the British Foreign

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Secretary Anthony Eden went to Moscow to

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start negotiations for a formal treaty

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with Russia which would try to dispel

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these mutual suspicions

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<font color="

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counter-attacking

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but German forces remained dangerously

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close to Moscow even so Stalin was

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already thinking long term he intended

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to exact his price for carrying the

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brunt<font color="

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particularly territory Eden noted

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Stalin's demands January the 3rd 1942 as

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regards the special interests of the

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Soviet Union

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Stalin desired the restoration of the

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position in 1941 prior to the German

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attack in respect to the Baltic States

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<font color="

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wanted back the eastern part of Poland

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in sum all the territory he'd grabbed

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his part of the nazi-soviet pact of 1939

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top of his list was the Baltic States

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which had only gained their independence

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from<font color="

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Churchill I am clear that this question

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is for Stalin the acid test of our

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sincerity nothing we in the United

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States of America can do or say will

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<font color="

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Russians are victorious they will be

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able to establish these frontiers and we

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shall certainly not turn them out

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[Music]

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initially Churchill was horrified by any

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thought of conceding<font color="

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he replied to Eden the 1941 frontiers of

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Russia were acquired by acts of

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aggression in shameful collusion with

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Hitler the transfer of the people of the

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Baltic states to Soviet Russia against

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their will<font color="

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principles for which we are fighting

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this war I know President Roosevelt

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holds this view as strongly as I do

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[Music]

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these principles have been enshrined in

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the Atlantic Charter which Roosevelt and

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Churchill had agreed<font color="

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meeting in Newfoundland in August 1941

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most importantly they guaranteed the

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future freedom and independence of the

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nations conquered by Hitler but Eden

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argued that what mattered more than

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principles was Stalin's cooperation both

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now and in the<font color="

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demand is intended as an acid test to

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see what value we attach to that

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cooperation and what sacrifice of

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principle we're prepared to make in

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order to achieve it

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in the coming<font color="

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began to be colored by disastrous turn

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in the Far East

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Singapore had fallen to the Japanese the

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Battle of the Atlantic was grim

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finally Churchill did an about-turn a

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March the 7th 1942 he wrote to Roosevelt

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<font color="

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sacrificed to keep Stalin onside the

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increasing gravity of the war has led me

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to feel that the principles of the

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<font color="

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construed so it to deny Russia the

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frontiers she occupied when Germany

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attacked her the next day the British

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ambassador to Washington Lord Halifax

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was summoned<font color="

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discuss Churchill's cable Roosevelt

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showed himself just as willing as

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Churchill to sacrifice the Baltic States

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though he preferred to do it more

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furtively FDR's mind is already moving

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<font color="

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saying to Stalin that we all recognize

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his need for security that to put

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anything on paper now is impossible that

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future of Baltic States clearly depends

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upon Russian military progress and that

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neither United States nor Great Britain

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would or could<font color="

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should Stalin worry

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as early as March 1942 Churchill and

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Roosevelt had shown themselves willing

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to give away the future freedom of three

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independent nations they've been driven

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by the fear that Stalin and Hitler would

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do another deal<font color="

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once or twice crossed the minds of both

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dictators it was never a real

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possibility their submission to Stalin

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was unnecessary it was also the

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beginning of a slippery slope in May

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1942<font color="

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artist left Molotov dashingly clad in

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his flying gear landed in Scotland the

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first trip to Britain by a top Bolshevik

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since the revolution having nipped back

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into his plane to change into his suit

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<font color="

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he was to finalize the treaty between

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Britain and Russia which would conclude

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the negotiations begun in Moscow five

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months before Stalin had given Molotov

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an extensive shopping list of territory

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<font color="

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post-war Soviet Union

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then suddenly while molotov was in

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London Germany launched its summer

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offensive in Russia three Soviet armies

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were being smashed at the battle of

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Kharkov Stalin's priorities instantly

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changed<font color="

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help from the British and Americans he

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cabled Molotov to sign the treaty and

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stop arguing about territory that would

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look after itself 24th of May 1942 the

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question of future borders will<font color="

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decided by force

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[Music]

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the military relief Stalin wanted was a

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cross-channel invasion of France as a

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second front against Hitler but

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Churchill believed it was premature and

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would be a disaster against the heavily

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<font color="

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flew to Moscow to tell Stalin the

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invasion had to be delayed

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it was an epic dangerous journey some

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forty hours flying in a stripped out

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American bomber by Gibraltar Cairo and

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Tehran for long overnight stretches

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[Music]

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his first steps on Russian soil came

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with<font color="

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continue hand in hand like comrades and

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brothers until every vestige of the

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naughty Reagan had been bitten into the

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ground

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General Allen Brock the British chief of

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staff<font color="

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this first ever face-to-face meeting of

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any of the other warlords with Stalin

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we'll risk the 13th 1942 the two leaders

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Churchill and Stalin are poles apart as

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human beings and I cannot see a

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friendship<font color="

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between Roosevelt and Winston Stalin is

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a realist with little flattery about him

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facts only count with him plans

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hypotheses future possibilities mean

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little at their first meeting Churchill

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said the invasion of France must be

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postponed until 1943

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he then projected a vision of his

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alternative plan

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he told Stalin the first the Allies

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would land in the northwest of Africa

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and drive the Germans out then he drew a

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map in the shape of the crocodile the

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hard snout

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he explained was the heavily defended

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coast of France Churchill said that

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rather than invade there he wanted to

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attack Hitler in what he called the soft

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underbelly of Europe the Adriatic and

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the Balkans Stalin questioned him curtly

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but politely

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the next day Stalin's mood turned

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vicious he accused the British of

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cowardice you British are too afraid to

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<font color="

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us Russians you would not find it so bad

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Churchill reacted with eloquent fury I

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have come all round Europe in the midst

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of my troubles

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yes mr. Stalin I have my troubles as

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well as you hoping to meet the hand of

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comradeship<font color="

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disappointed I have not that hand

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later that night Churchill told his

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staff he would leave Moscow forthwith

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but Stalin had been impressed by

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Churchill's passion and on the third

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light a banquet at the Kremlin broke the

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<font color="

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freely and one's glass kept being filled

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up the tables groaned under every

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description of hors d'oeuvre and fish

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etc Molotov was opposite Stalin and

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started proposing<font color="

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minutes of our having sat down these

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toasts went on continuously by the end

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of the dinner and Stalin was quite

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lively walking around the table to click

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glasses with various people he was

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<font color="

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outstanding man there is no doubt about

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that

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but not an attractive one whenever I

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look at him I can imagine his sending

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off people to their doom without ever

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turning a hair during the dinner

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<font color="

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a peasant whom he could handle his aides

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were horrified and later back in his

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room warned him the Russians were

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bugging everything Churchill said very

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loudly the Russians I have been told are

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not human<font color="

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in the scale of nature than the

285
00:14:17,339 --> 00:14:25,569
orangutan now then let them take that

286
00:14:21,100 --> 00:14:28,659
down and translate it into Russian at

287
00:14:25,568 --> 00:14:29,769
times it had been touch-and-go but by

288
00:14:28,659 --> 00:14:33,250
the end of the visit

289
00:14:29,769 --> 00:14:35,980
goodwill had broken out PM was somewhat

290
00:14:33,250 --> 00:14:38,440
late and no wonder he went to see Stalin

291
00:14:35,980 --> 00:14:40,070
for<font color="

292
00:14:38,440 --> 00:14:42,260
with him until 3:00 a.m.

293
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you had no time for bed and after a bath

294
00:14:42,259 --> 00:14:46,759
came straight to the eardrum the band

295
00:14:44,570 --> 00:14:49,550
played the Internationale god save the

296
00:14:46,759 --> 00:14:51,169
king and the star-spangled banner during

297
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<font color="

298
00:14:51,169 --> 00:15:04,378
and saluted

299
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[Music]

300
00:15:05,009 --> 00:15:10,480
as Churchill returned to his war-torn

301
00:15:07,929 --> 00:15:12,429
country he believed he had at least

302
00:15:10,480 --> 00:15:17,558
established a working relationship with

303
00:15:12,429 --> 00:15:19,508
Stalin he wrote to Roosevelt on the

304
00:15:17,558 --> 00:15:22,328
whole I am definitely encouraged by my

305
00:15:19,509 --> 00:15:24,459
<font color="

306
00:15:22,328 --> 00:15:27,659
and having made their protest are

307
00:15:24,458 --> 00:15:27,659
entirely friendly

308
00:15:29,058 --> 00:15:33,468
but just two months later an

309
00:15:30,918 --> 00:15:35,509
extraordinary message from Stalin to his

310
00:15:33,469 --> 00:15:40,099
ambassador in London showed that

311
00:15:35,509 --> 00:15:41,989
Churchill's optimism was illusory stalin

312
00:15:40,099 --> 00:15:44,028
remained deeply<font color="

313
00:15:41,989 --> 00:15:46,729
saw as Britain's lack of military

314
00:15:44,028 --> 00:15:50,599
support and repeated his long-held fears

315
00:15:46,729 --> 00:15:53,059
of Churchill's secret motives we in

316
00:15:50,599 --> 00:15:55,399
Moscow get the impression that Churchill

317
00:15:53,058 --> 00:15:58,249
is aiming at the ultimate defeat of the

318
00:15:55,399 --> 00:16:00,318
Soviet Union<font color="

319
00:15:58,249 --> 00:16:05,989
some agreement with Germany at the

320
00:16:00,318 --> 00:16:08,208
expense of our country Stalin even

321
00:16:05,989 --> 00:16:10,819
suggested the Churchill's intending to

322
00:16:08,208 --> 00:16:13,428
use Hitler's deputy Rudolf Hess who was

323
00:16:10,818 --> 00:16:19,158
in British captivity as a negotiating

324
00:16:13,428 --> 00:16:21,678
lever with the<font color="

325
00:16:19,158 --> 00:16:24,009
months military success pushed political

326
00:16:21,678 --> 00:16:29,839
suspicion for a while to one side

327
00:16:24,009 --> 00:16:29,840
[Music]

328
00:16:31,919 --> 00:16:38,698
rommel was beaten at the Battle of El

329
00:16:34,198 --> 00:16:42,169
Alamein the Americans and British landed

330
00:16:38,698 --> 00:16:44,818
successfully in the northwest of Africa

331
00:16:42,169 --> 00:16:47,238
<font color="

332
00:16:44,818 --> 00:16:47,238
Stalin

333
00:16:47,610 --> 00:16:52,820
wellit's who success was bringing the

334
00:16:49,528 --> 00:16:52,820
post-war world nearer

335
00:16:53,139 --> 00:17:01,129
[Music]

336
00:16:56,198 --> 00:17:03,288
then in April 1943 a shocking discovery

337
00:17:01,129 --> 00:17:13,308
put the shape of that world into sharp

338
00:17:03,288 --> 00:17:15,318
relief Germany announced that the bodies

339
00:17:13,308 --> 00:17:18,318
of thousands of Polish officers had been

340
00:17:15,318 --> 00:17:22,449
<font color="

341
00:17:18,318 --> 00:17:22,449
Russians in the spring of 1940

342
00:17:24,750 --> 00:17:29,369
[Music]

343
00:17:26,578 --> 00:17:32,609
Moscoe angrily rejected the claims as

344
00:17:29,369 --> 00:17:36,000
Nazi propaganda but as a private lunch

345
00:17:32,609 --> 00:17:38,009
Churchill said alas the German

346
00:17:36,000 --> 00:17:44,849
revelations are probably true

347
00:17:38,009 --> 00:17:46,648
the Bolsheviks can be very cruel<font color="

348
00:17:44,849 --> 00:17:51,658
had a devastating series of knock-on

349
00:17:46,648 --> 00:17:53,729
effects the london-based Polish

350
00:17:51,659 --> 00:17:56,159
government-in-exile the government for

351
00:17:53,730 --> 00:17:58,349
which Britain had gone to war suspected

352
00:17:56,159 --> 00:18:00,360
the Russians were guilty and demanded an

353
00:17:58,349 --> 00:18:06,359
investigation by the International Red

354
00:18:00,359 --> 00:18:08,609
Cross Stalin said that the man by the

355
00:18:06,359 --> 00:18:09,599
London polls was a hostile act against

356
00:18:08,609 --> 00:18:12,329
the Soviet Union

357
00:18:09,599 --> 00:18:15,658
he already disliked them as they stood

358
00:18:12,329 --> 00:18:18,089
for a free and independent Poland he now

359
00:18:15,659 --> 00:18:21,380
used the row over cattle as an excuse to

360
00:18:18,089 --> 00:18:21,379
break off relations with them

361
00:18:23,440 --> 00:18:26,660
[Music]

362
00:18:27,759 --> 00:18:32,920
Churchill was caught between his loyalty

363
00:18:30,579 --> 00:18:37,359
to<font color="

364
00:18:32,920 --> 00:18:38,310
preserve good relations with Stalin in

365
00:18:37,359 --> 00:18:40,959
Washington

366
00:18:38,309 --> 00:18:44,319
Roosevelt's sense the tension chasm was

367
00:18:40,960 --> 00:18:47,110
creating he secretly decided it was time

368
00:18:44,319 --> 00:18:49,089
that he rather than Churchill became the

369
00:18:47,109 --> 00:18:57,009
prime mover in the relationship with the

370
00:18:49,089 --> 00:18:59,589
Soviet<font color="

371
00:18:57,009 --> 00:19:01,809
wrote Stalin a private letter asking for

372
00:18:59,589 --> 00:19:06,189
an informal one-to-one get-together

373
00:19:01,809 --> 00:19:09,039
the only question was where Iceland I do

374
00:19:06,190 --> 00:19:11,559
not like because for both you and me it

375
00:19:09,039 --> 00:19:13,480
involves rather risky flights<font color="

376
00:19:11,559 --> 00:19:15,700
addition would make it quite frankly

377
00:19:13,480 --> 00:19:18,400
difficult not to invite Prime Minister

378
00:19:15,700 --> 00:19:20,350
Churchill at the same time therefore I

379
00:19:18,400 --> 00:19:22,630
suggest that we could meet either on

380
00:19:20,349 --> 00:19:26,889
your side or my side of the Bering

381
00:19:22,630 --> 00:19:29,920
Straits Roosevelt dispatched an emissary

382
00:19:26,890 --> 00:19:32,680
<font color="

383
00:19:29,920 --> 00:19:37,450
Russia in the late 1930s to hand deliver

384
00:19:32,680 --> 00:19:38,110
the letter to Stalin while Davis was in

385
00:19:37,450 --> 00:19:40,960
Moscow

386
00:19:38,109 --> 00:19:43,539
Churchill was in Washington he spends a

387
00:19:40,960 --> 00:19:45,220
fortnight with Roosevelt not once did

388
00:19:43,539 --> 00:19:49,960
the president breathe the word of his

389
00:19:45,220 --> 00:19:52,620
private approach to Stalin a May the

390
00:19:49,960 --> 00:19:55,059
26th with Churchill safely gone

391
00:19:52,619 --> 00:19:58,569
Roosevelt received the positive reply

392
00:19:55,059 --> 00:20:00,549
from Stalin as I do not know how events

393
00:19:58,569 --> 00:20:02,950
will develop on the Soviet German front

394
00:20:00,549 --> 00:20:05,169
in June<font color="

395
00:20:02,950 --> 00:20:07,509
Moscow during that month I therefore

396
00:20:05,170 --> 00:20:09,570
suggest holding the meeting in July or

397
00:20:07,509 --> 00:20:09,569
August

398
00:20:09,769 --> 00:20:18,569
but Roosevelt's secret plan was about to

399
00:20:12,628 --> 00:20:20,579
hit a snag here in Churchill had decided

400
00:20:18,569 --> 00:20:25,048
<font color="

401
00:20:20,579 --> 00:20:27,028
1944 they believed British and American

402
00:20:25,048 --> 00:20:32,429
forces were still not strong enough to

403
00:20:27,028 --> 00:20:35,898
beat the German defenses Stalin

404
00:20:32,429 --> 00:20:38,639
responded angrily to his allies delay

405
00:20:35,898 --> 00:20:40,798
the Soviet government cannot align

406
00:20:38,638 --> 00:20:44,209
itself with this decision which was

407
00:20:40,798 --> 00:20:46,499
<font color="

408
00:20:44,210 --> 00:20:49,919
Churchill was worried by Stalin's

409
00:20:46,499 --> 00:20:53,970
hostile reaction and by now he had also

410
00:20:49,919 --> 00:20:57,690
got wind of Roosevelt's secret letter he

411
00:20:53,970 --> 00:20:59,519
tried to flush Roosevelt hours all this

412
00:20:57,690 --> 00:21:01,528
makes me anxious to know anything you

413
00:20:59,519 --> 00:21:04,019
may care<font color="

414
00:21:01,528 --> 00:21:05,848
sent to Stalin by mr. Davis when the

415
00:21:04,019 --> 00:21:08,669
answer which has been received from him

416
00:21:05,848 --> 00:21:11,538
I will of course come anywhere you wish

417
00:21:08,669 --> 00:21:11,538
to a rendezvous

418
00:21:12,288 --> 00:21:19,528
Churchill still had no inkling he was to

419
00:21:14,999 --> 00:21:23,098
be excluded finally Roosevelt came clean

420
00:21:19,528 --> 00:21:25,829
on June the 24th his special envoy in

421
00:21:23,098 --> 00:21:28,048
London<font color="

422
00:21:25,829 --> 00:21:30,159
Street and told Churchill what had been

423
00:21:28,048 --> 00:21:33,049
going on

424
00:21:30,160 --> 00:21:37,580
Churchill was shattered he rang his

425
00:21:33,049 --> 00:21:39,799
foreign secretary Anthony Eden went

426
00:21:37,579 --> 00:21:40,779
round to see Winston at midnight at his

427
00:21:39,799 --> 00:21:43,369
request

428
00:21:40,779 --> 00:21:45,440
found him considerably upset by a

429
00:21:43,369 --> 00:21:51,349
message from FDR<font color="

430
00:21:45,440 --> 00:21:53,690
meeting will be ardor Churchill not only

431
00:21:51,349 --> 00:21:57,079
felt personally betrayed he could also

432
00:21:53,690 --> 00:21:59,000
sense the blow to British power and he

433
00:21:57,079 --> 00:22:01,399
could see that Roosevelt in trying to

434
00:21:59,000 --> 00:22:03,470
hijack the relationship with Stalin was

435
00:22:01,400 --> 00:22:05,360
taking the first steps to an American

436
00:22:03,470 --> 00:22:08,559
Russian partnership which would

437
00:22:05,359 --> 00:22:08,559
determine<font color="

438
00:22:09,009 --> 00:22:14,690
the next day controlling his emotions as

439
00:22:12,410 --> 00:22:18,950
best he could he wrote one of the most

440
00:22:14,690 --> 00:22:21,019
important letters of his life former

441
00:22:18,950 --> 00:22:24,500
naval person to president personal and

442
00:22:21,019 --> 00:22:26,119
secret avril told me last night of your

443
00:22:24,500 --> 00:22:27,910
<font color="

444
00:22:26,119 --> 00:22:30,469
Alaska

445
00:22:27,910 --> 00:22:32,180
you must excuse me expressing myself

446
00:22:30,470 --> 00:22:34,069
with all the frankness that our

447
00:22:32,180 --> 00:22:37,580
friendship and the gravity of the issue

448
00:22:34,069 --> 00:22:39,889
warrant I do not under it the use that

449
00:22:37,579 --> 00:22:41,809
enemy propaganda would make of a meeting

450
00:22:39,890 --> 00:22:44,360
<font color="

451
00:22:41,809 --> 00:22:45,710
the United States at this juncture with

452
00:22:44,359 --> 00:22:48,829
the British Commonwealth and Empire

453
00:22:45,710 --> 00:22:51,500
excluded it would be serious and

454
00:22:48,829 --> 00:22:54,429
vexatious and many would be bewildered

455
00:22:51,500 --> 00:22:58,099
and alarmed thereby nevertheless

456
00:22:54,430 --> 00:23:01,570
whatever you decide I shall sustain to

457
00:22:58,099 --> 00:23:01,569
the best of my ability here

458
00:23:05,819 --> 00:23:10,569
Churchill had<font color="

459
00:23:08,048 --> 00:23:12,230
six full weeks by the ally he thought to

460
00:23:10,569 --> 00:23:13,859
be his friend

461
00:23:12,230 --> 00:23:17,378
[Music]

462
00:23:13,859 --> 00:23:22,058
four days later Roosevelt replied with a

463
00:23:17,378 --> 00:23:25,178
flatline I did not suggest to Uncle Joe

464
00:23:22,058 --> 00:23:27,819
that we meet alone but he told Davies

465
00:23:25,179 --> 00:23:30,490
that he assumed a that we would meet

466
00:23:27,819 --> 00:23:32,678
alone and be that he agreed that we

467
00:23:30,490 --> 00:23:37,538
should not bring staffs to what would be

468
00:23:32,679 --> 00:23:39,820
a preliminary meeting in August

469
00:23:37,538 --> 00:23:41,888
Stalin finally turned down Roosevelt's

470
00:23:39,819 --> 00:23:47,829
request for a meeting claiming the

471
00:23:41,888 --> 00:23:48,398
pressures of<font color="

472
00:23:47,829 --> 00:23:51,740
moment

473
00:23:48,398 --> 00:23:54,349
Roosevelt was thwarted

474
00:23:51,740 --> 00:23:56,870
beyond the deceit and the powerplay the

475
00:23:54,349 --> 00:24:00,250
distressing episode left Churchill with

476
00:23:56,869 --> 00:24:00,250
a further troubling thought

477
00:24:00,640 --> 00:24:07,480
up until now both he and Roosevelt had

478
00:24:03,819 --> 00:24:11,259
handled Stalin with kid gloves but

479
00:24:07,480 --> 00:24:13,990
Churchill<font color="

480
00:24:11,259 --> 00:24:16,419
on one side he believed that he as one

481
00:24:13,990 --> 00:24:21,250
great man could deal with Stalin another

482
00:24:16,419 --> 00:24:23,890
great man by face-to-face diplomacy but

483
00:24:21,250 --> 00:24:26,440
on the other side the cat in massacre

484
00:24:23,890 --> 00:24:28,980
had reawakened all his old fears of the

485
00:24:26,440 --> 00:24:28,980
Bolsheviks

486
00:24:29,329 --> 00:24:34,460
the nightmare was<font color="

487
00:24:32,239 --> 00:24:36,169
at the head of a Russian Colossus which

488
00:24:34,460 --> 00:24:37,909
would devour much of Europe before the

489
00:24:36,169 --> 00:24:43,179
British and Americans could get there

490
00:24:37,909 --> 00:24:43,179
and create a new totalitarian empire

491
00:24:44,789 --> 00:24:49,000
[Music]

492
00:24:54,220 --> 00:25:00,720
[Music]

493
00:24:58,589 --> 00:25:02,398
Churchill had long feared that across

494
00:25:00,720 --> 00:25:04,499
channel invasion against the heavily

495
00:25:02,398 --> 00:25:11,219
<font color="

496
00:25:04,499 --> 00:25:13,259
dreadful carnage instead he favored his

497
00:25:11,220 --> 00:25:17,749
alternative strategy of attacking

498
00:25:13,259 --> 00:25:17,749
Germany via the Adriatic and the Balkans

499
00:25:18,349 --> 00:25:24,079
by the autumn of 1943 the British and

500
00:25:22,019 --> 00:25:26,339
Americans had landed in southern Italy

501
00:25:24,079 --> 00:25:32,878
Churchill's vision seemed to him

502
00:25:26,339 --> 00:25:34,798
possible but Stalin had sent angry

503
00:25:32,878 --> 00:25:36,839
cables demanding that the Allies

504
00:25:34,798 --> 00:25:38,009
concentrate only on<font color="

505
00:25:36,839 --> 00:25:40,189
France

506
00:25:38,009 --> 00:25:42,359
[Music]

507
00:25:40,190 --> 00:25:44,429
Roosevelt's special envoy in Britain

508
00:25:42,359 --> 00:25:46,729
Averell Harriman reported to the

509
00:25:44,429 --> 00:25:49,798
president

510
00:25:46,730 --> 00:25:52,048
Churchill's only explanation is that

511
00:25:49,798 --> 00:25:54,808
Stalin wants us to become involved in

512
00:25:52,048 --> 00:25:59,788
Western Europe to avoid our entry in the

513
00:25:54,808 --> 00:26:01,980
Balkans Churchill<font color="

514
00:25:59,788 --> 00:26:03,839
trying to use military arguments to

515
00:26:01,980 --> 00:26:05,548
further his political purpose of

516
00:26:03,839 --> 00:26:11,819
controlling Eastern Europe and the

517
00:26:05,548 --> 00:26:14,730
Balkans after the war later in his

518
00:26:11,819 --> 00:26:17,009
memoirs Churchill denied that at that

519
00:26:14,730 --> 00:26:19,649
stage<font color="

520
00:26:17,009 --> 00:26:21,509
beaten he too tried to bend allied

521
00:26:19,648 --> 00:26:24,599
military strategy to his political

522
00:26:21,509 --> 00:26:27,028
purposes in Churchill's case to keep

523
00:26:24,599 --> 00:26:28,648
Stalin out of Eastern Europe and protect

524
00:26:27,028 --> 00:26:30,130
British interests in the eastern

525
00:26:28,648 --> 00:26:33,079
Mediterranean

526
00:26:30,130 --> 00:26:35,030
but there is<font color="

527
00:26:33,079 --> 00:26:39,759
being less than frank about his motives

528
00:26:35,029 --> 00:26:39,759
in the crucial last few months of 1943

529
00:26:45,519 --> 00:26:52,579
in August 1943 the British and Americans

530
00:26:49,700 --> 00:26:54,910
met a Quebec to decide the next stage in

531
00:26:52,579 --> 00:26:54,909
<font color="

532
00:26:55,200 --> 00:26:59,590
Church on you it would be faithful to

533
00:26:57,490 --> 00:27:01,420
suggest to Roosevelt that they should

534
00:26:59,589 --> 00:27:03,990
try to beat the Russians to the Balkans

535
00:27:01,420 --> 00:27:06,430
in Eastern Europe for political reasons

536
00:27:03,990 --> 00:27:09,849
to Roosevelt that would smack of the

537
00:27:06,430 --> 00:27:11,769
European imperialism he loathed so

538
00:27:09,849 --> 00:27:15,369
Churchill argued for his alternative

539
00:27:11,769 --> 00:27:17,619
strategy on purely military grounds but

540
00:27:15,369 --> 00:27:22,079
one chance remark revealed his inner

541
00:27:17,619 --> 00:27:26,279
thoughts Stalin is an unnatural man

542
00:27:22,079 --> 00:27:26,279
there will be grave troubles

543
00:27:28,079 --> 00:27:35,199
[Music]

544
00:27:30,730 --> 00:27:37,630
a Quebec Churchill reluctantly agreed to

545
00:27:35,200 --> 00:27:39,160
the American view the preparations for

546
00:27:37,630 --> 00:27:42,020
<font color="

547
00:27:39,160 --> 00:27:50,690
precedence over his alternative strategy

548
00:27:42,019 --> 00:27:50,690
[Music]

549
00:27:50,740 --> 00:27:56,740
but back in London Churchill began to

550
00:27:53,440 --> 00:27:59,350
reveal further evidence of his political

551
00:27:56,740 --> 00:28:03,069
motives emerged at an extraordinary war

552
00:27:59,349 --> 00:28:05,379
cabinet meeting in early October the

553
00:28:03,069 --> 00:28:06,789
<font color="

554
00:28:05,380 --> 00:28:11,770
account of what happened to Oliver

555
00:28:06,789 --> 00:28:13,119
Harvey his private secretary the PM

556
00:28:11,769 --> 00:28:15,849
spoke for three hours

557
00:28:13,119 --> 00:28:18,579
he talked great nonsense and AE was

558
00:28:15,849 --> 00:28:21,730
furious the PM kept saying such things

559
00:28:18,579 --> 00:28:24,730
as we mustn't weaken<font color="

560
00:28:21,730 --> 00:28:28,558
may need her against Russia the cabinet

561
00:28:24,730 --> 00:28:28,558
colleagues were horrified at all this

562
00:28:31,210 --> 00:28:36,019
Churchill's remark showed that Stalin's

563
00:28:33,589 --> 00:28:42,980
suspicions of 12 months before had not

564
00:28:36,019 --> 00:28:45,079
been so outlandish Churchill now

565
00:28:42,980 --> 00:28:48,620
sanction the British operation against

566
00:28:45,079 --> 00:28:50,809
the<font color="

567
00:28:48,619 --> 00:28:54,289
was a vital stepping stone in his

568
00:28:50,809 --> 00:28:56,109
alternative strategy he hoped that it

569
00:28:54,289 --> 00:28:58,490
would bring turkey into the war

570
00:28:56,109 --> 00:29:01,879
providing an easy gateway to Eastern

571
00:28:58,490 --> 00:29:05,289
Europe the American Chiefs of Staff

572
00:29:01,880 --> 00:29:07,700
thought it a wasteful diversion

573
00:29:05,289 --> 00:29:11,450
Churchill pleaded his case to Roosevelt

574
00:29:07,700 --> 00:29:13,819
<font color="

575
00:29:11,450 --> 00:29:15,230
Rhodes at this stage and the ignoring of

576
00:29:13,819 --> 00:29:17,299
the whole position in the eastern

577
00:29:15,230 --> 00:29:22,309
Mediterranean would constitute a

578
00:29:17,299 --> 00:29:22,909
cardinal error in strategy a military

579
00:29:22,309 --> 00:29:24,769
grounds

580
00:29:22,910 --> 00:29:28,009
Churchill's chief of staff general

581
00:29:24,769 --> 00:29:31,579
<font color="

582
00:29:28,009 --> 00:29:33,589
why risk our our would Roosevelt I am

583
00:29:31,579 --> 00:29:34,279
slowly becoming convinced that in his

584
00:29:33,589 --> 00:29:35,929
age

585
00:29:34,279 --> 00:29:38,960
Winston is becoming less and less

586
00:29:35,930 --> 00:29:41,299
balanced I can control him no more

587
00:29:38,960 --> 00:29:43,579
he has worked himself into a frenzy of

588
00:29:41,299 --> 00:29:45,740
<font color="

589
00:29:43,579 --> 00:29:48,049
magnified as important so that he can no

590
00:29:45,740 --> 00:29:50,779
longer see anything else and has set his

591
00:29:48,049 --> 00:29:52,339
heart on capturing this one island even

592
00:29:50,779 --> 00:29:54,859
at the expense of endangering his

593
00:29:52,339 --> 00:30:01,179
relations with the president

594
00:29:54,859 --> 00:30:03,769
[Music]

595
00:30:01,180 --> 00:30:05,720
while Churchill fanatically potted his

596
00:30:03,769 --> 00:30:08,150
alternative strategy his foreign

597
00:30:05,720 --> 00:30:11,950
secretary Anthony Eden was attending a

598
00:30:08,150 --> 00:30:11,950
foreign ministers conference in Moscow

599
00:30:12,779 --> 00:30:17,639
from there edan cable Churchill but

600
00:30:15,630 --> 00:30:19,500
Stalin was continuing to insist his

601
00:30:17,640 --> 00:30:22,140
allies must concentrate only on the

602
00:30:19,500 --> 00:30:24,799
<font color="

603
00:30:22,140 --> 00:30:24,800
it was now called

604
00:30:31,279 --> 00:30:35,329
Churchill was livid his doctor Charles

605
00:30:34,730 --> 00:30:37,160
Morin

606
00:30:35,329 --> 00:30:39,259
who kept contemporaneous notes of their

607
00:30:37,160 --> 00:30:43,600
conversation which he later wrote up

608
00:30:39,259 --> 00:30:43,599
into a diary recorded his reaction

609
00:30:44,109 --> 00:30:51,259
October the 26th 1943 when I called at

610
00:30:49,369 --> 00:30:54,109
number<font color="

611
00:30:51,259 --> 00:30:57,200
glaring over a telegram from Eden his

612
00:30:54,109 --> 00:30:58,509
face was glum his jaw set misgivings

613
00:30:57,200 --> 00:31:01,100
filled his mind

614
00:30:58,509 --> 00:31:05,269
Stalin seems obsessed by this bloody

615
00:31:01,099 --> 00:31:09,619
second front he muttered angrily I can

616
00:31:05,269 --> 00:31:12,220
be<font color="

617
00:31:09,619 --> 00:31:12,219
under his breath

618
00:31:14,929 --> 00:31:19,278
Churchill now ordered he didn't to tell

619
00:31:17,358 --> 00:31:21,168
Stalin that the invasion of France might

620
00:31:19,278 --> 00:31:26,808
need postponing in order to reinforce

621
00:31:21,169 --> 00:31:29,149
his favorite campaign in Italy in

622
00:31:26,808 --> 00:31:31,219
Washington there was<font color="

623
00:31:29,148 --> 00:31:33,819
reckless disregard for agreed allied

624
00:31:31,219 --> 00:31:33,820
strategy

625
00:31:34,269 --> 00:31:40,359
the American War Secretary Henry Stimson

626
00:31:36,700 --> 00:31:42,850
noted in his diary this shows how

627
00:31:40,359 --> 00:31:45,009
determined Churchill is with all his lip

628
00:31:42,849 --> 00:31:47,919
service to stick a knife into the back

629
00:31:45,009 --> 00:31:51,420
of overlord<font color="

630
00:31:47,920 --> 00:31:54,550
about it than I ever have before in

631
00:31:51,420 --> 00:31:58,750
Moscow Anthony Eden and his team were

632
00:31:54,549 --> 00:32:00,970
just as angry the PM is untamable he

633
00:31:58,750 --> 00:32:03,609
cannot leave well alone and he loathes

634
00:32:00,970 --> 00:32:10,329
the Russians he would torpedo AIDS

635
00:32:03,609 --> 00:32:15,549
<font color="

636
00:32:10,329 --> 00:32:17,859
plotting was getting him nowhere and for

637
00:32:15,549 --> 00:32:20,889
Stalin the Moscow conference had one

638
00:32:17,859 --> 00:32:22,509
pleasing outcome it was agreed that all

639
00:32:20,890 --> 00:32:25,770
liberated territories would be

640
00:32:22,509 --> 00:32:29,859
administered by the occupying power

641
00:32:25,769 --> 00:32:32,799
<font color="

642
00:32:29,859 --> 00:32:38,669
the fate of Europe is settled we shall

643
00:32:32,799 --> 00:32:42,369
do as we like with the Allies consent in

644
00:32:38,670 --> 00:32:47,289
November 1943 Churchill left Britain for

645
00:32:42,369 --> 00:32:52,839
a long trip first to Malta amid the

646
00:32:47,289 --> 00:32:54,069
acclamation he was angrier than ever his

647
00:32:52,839 --> 00:32:57,730
campaign in the eastern Mediterranean

648
00:32:54,069 --> 00:33:00,029
was failing German forces beat the

649
00:32:57,730 --> 00:33:02,410
British out of the Greek island of leros

650
00:33:00,029 --> 00:33:06,389
Churchill blamed it on the United States

651
00:33:02,410 --> 00:33:06,390
refusal to supply enough resources

652
00:33:06,900 --> 00:33:14,230
November the 18th 1943 PM gave long

653
00:33:11,740 --> 00:33:16,089
tirade<font color="

654
00:33:14,230 --> 00:33:18,360
our losses in the Aegean and Dalmatian

655
00:33:16,089 --> 00:33:18,359
coast

656
00:33:20,420 --> 00:33:25,400
at this point Churchill's wife

657
00:33:22,819 --> 00:33:27,769
Clementine hearing of her husband's vile

658
00:33:25,400 --> 00:33:33,259
mood wrote him a long and soothing

659
00:33:27,769 --> 00:33:34,910
letter my darling I'm afraid that so far

660
00:33:33,259 --> 00:33:37,640
your journey has<font color="

661
00:33:34,910 --> 00:33:40,070
refreshing your cold must have made you

662
00:33:37,640 --> 00:33:41,750
miserable and uncomfortable and then I

663
00:33:40,069 --> 00:33:44,929
know Lee Ross must cause you deep

664
00:33:41,750 --> 00:33:47,390
unhappiness but never forget that when

665
00:33:44,930 --> 00:33:49,580
history looks back your vision and your

666
00:33:47,390 --> 00:33:52,340
piercing energy coupled with your

667
00:33:49,579 --> 00:33:55,129
patience and magnanimity<font color="

668
00:33:52,339 --> 00:33:58,159
part of your greatness so don't allow

669
00:33:55,130 --> 00:34:00,290
yourself to be made angry I often think

670
00:33:58,160 --> 00:34:04,330
of your saying that the only worse thing

671
00:34:00,289 --> 00:34:04,329
than a lies is not having allies

672
00:34:06,900 --> 00:34:10,668
[Music]

673
00:34:10,860 --> 00:34:15,410
from Malta Churchill flew to Cairo he

674
00:34:14,519 --> 00:34:17,730
was feeling<font color="

675
00:34:15,409 --> 00:34:23,579
clementines letter helped to restore his

676
00:34:17,730 --> 00:34:27,030
spirits Roosevelt had also traveled to

677
00:34:23,579 --> 00:34:30,150
Cairo and once in his presence Churchill

678
00:34:27,030 --> 00:34:35,180
as always succumbed to his charms he

679
00:34:30,150 --> 00:34:38,160
told his daughter Sarah I love that man

680
00:34:35,179 --> 00:34:40,019
<font color="

681
00:34:38,159 --> 00:34:42,719
pleased to discuss his alternative

682
00:34:40,019 --> 00:34:45,150
strategy he continued to suspect

683
00:34:42,719 --> 00:34:49,289
Churchill's imperialist motives and told

684
00:34:45,150 --> 00:34:51,240
him Winston you have four hundred years

685
00:34:49,289 --> 00:34:53,309
of a quiz ative instinct in your blood

686
00:34:51,239 --> 00:34:55,619
<font color="

687
00:34:53,309 --> 00:34:58,440
country might not want to acquire land

688
00:34:55,619 --> 00:35:00,329
somewhere even if they can get it a new

689
00:34:58,440 --> 00:35:02,369
period is opened in the world's history

690
00:35:00,329 --> 00:35:06,779
and you will have to adjust yourself to

691
00:35:02,369 --> 00:35:09,750
<font color="

692
00:35:06,780 --> 00:35:11,790
Churchill into the spur he told Harold

693
00:35:09,750 --> 00:35:15,780
Macmillan the British Minister in North

694
00:35:11,789 --> 00:35:17,900
Africa Germany is finished though it may

695
00:35:15,780 --> 00:35:22,110
take some time to clean up the mess

696
00:35:17,900 --> 00:35:25,340
the real problem is Russia I can't get

697
00:35:22,110 --> 00:35:25,340
the Americans to see it

698
00:35:25,639 --> 00:35:33,469
[Music]

699
00:35:29,858 --> 00:35:35,539
the final destination was Tehran in the

700
00:35:33,469 --> 00:35:38,169
first face-to-face meeting of the three

701
00:35:35,539 --> 00:35:38,170
allied

702
00:35:38,980 --> 00:35:44,259
[Music]

703
00:35:41,318 --> 00:35:47,048
this would be the defining moments in

704
00:35:44,259 --> 00:35:51,429
the Churchill Stalin duel with Roosevelt

705
00:35:47,048 --> 00:35:53,469
the pivotal figure for the president the

706
00:35:51,429 --> 00:35:57,208
problem was now Churchill and his

707
00:35:53,469 --> 00:35:57,208
<font color="

708
00:35:57,869 --> 00:36:02,619
shortly before the conference began

709
00:35:59,978 --> 00:36:04,929
chores Morin found himself talking to

710
00:36:02,619 --> 00:36:08,680
Roosevelt's closest associate Harry

711
00:36:04,929 --> 00:36:11,190
Hopkins Harry Hopkins thinks that the PM

712
00:36:08,679 --> 00:36:13,629
is trying to get out of his commitments

713
00:36:11,190 --> 00:36:16,539
sure we<font color="

714
00:36:13,630 --> 00:36:19,449
Tehran he threatened you will find us

715
00:36:16,539 --> 00:36:21,579
lining up with the Russians what I find

716
00:36:19,449 --> 00:36:23,680
so shocking is that to the Americans the

717
00:36:21,579 --> 00:36:25,359
p.m. is the villain of the piece they

718
00:36:23,679 --> 00:36:32,498
are far more skeptical of him than they

719
00:36:25,358 --> 00:36:34,989
are<font color="

720
00:36:32,498 --> 00:36:37,028
full of pleasantries Churchill and

721
00:36:34,989 --> 00:36:41,009
Roosevelt presented Stalin with a sword

722
00:36:37,028 --> 00:36:43,748
to commemorate the victory at Stalingrad

723
00:36:41,009 --> 00:36:47,798
Stalin handed it on to his army psychic

724
00:36:43,748 --> 00:36:49,948
General varoshi LOF who promptly dropped

725
00:36:47,798 --> 00:36:52,929
it

726
00:36:49,949 --> 00:36:54,119
Churchill's birthday his 69th fell

727
00:36:52,929 --> 00:37:00,190
during the conference

728
00:36:54,119 --> 00:37:02,690
[Applause]

729
00:37:00,190 --> 00:37:05,150
he hosted a splendid dinner<font color="

730
00:37:02,690 --> 00:37:09,289
Roosevelt gave him a valuable Kashem

731
00:37:05,150 --> 00:37:13,910
bowl with a note with my affection may

732
00:37:09,289 --> 00:37:16,159
we be together for many years in this

733
00:37:13,909 --> 00:37:19,819
gathering of great man Churchill's

734
00:37:16,159 --> 00:37:21,469
ambivalence<font color="

735
00:37:19,820 --> 00:37:24,200
believed again he could do deals with

736
00:37:21,469 --> 00:37:26,359
him and secretly agreed without telling

737
00:37:24,199 --> 00:37:28,009
the London polls that Russia should have

738
00:37:26,360 --> 00:37:31,240
the part of eastern Poland

739
00:37:28,010 --> 00:37:33,650
it had gained under the nazi-soviet pact

740
00:37:31,239 --> 00:37:39,319
Poland would be compensated with land

741
00:37:33,650 --> 00:37:41,240
<font color="

742
00:37:39,320 --> 00:37:43,519
potential reaction of poles in America

743
00:37:41,239 --> 00:37:46,189
did not want to be directly involved in

744
00:37:43,519 --> 00:37:50,599
the deal but privately went along with

745
00:37:46,190 --> 00:37:53,059
it also Churchill and Roosevelt

746
00:37:50,599 --> 00:37:55,039
confirmed to Stalin<font color="

747
00:37:53,059 --> 00:38:00,469
oppose the Baltic States becoming part

748
00:37:55,039 --> 00:38:02,480
of the post-war Soviet Union but when it

749
00:38:00,469 --> 00:38:04,579
came to the overriding issue of military

750
00:38:02,480 --> 00:38:06,170
strategy from which Churchill believed

751
00:38:04,579 --> 00:38:11,420
the rest of Eastern Europe's future

752
00:38:06,170 --> 00:38:13,130
might depend he was out on a limb Stalin

753
00:38:11,420 --> 00:38:18,650
and Roosevelt insisted<font color="

754
00:38:13,130 --> 00:38:20,690
no delay in Operation Overlord Roosevelt

755
00:38:18,650 --> 00:38:22,460
then left Stalin the choice of which

756
00:38:20,690 --> 00:38:24,740
supporting operation the British and

757
00:38:22,460 --> 00:38:26,599
Americans should prepare the eastern

758
00:38:24,739 --> 00:38:29,919
Mediterranean as Churchill wanted or a

759
00:38:26,599 --> 00:38:33,529
follow-up invasion of southern France

760
00:38:29,920 --> 00:38:36,230
Stalin declared our directive should

761
00:38:33,530 --> 00:38:38,780
<font color="

762
00:38:36,230 --> 00:38:40,909
of the Russians an invasion in the South

763
00:38:38,780 --> 00:38:43,100
of France the operations in the

764
00:38:40,909 --> 00:38:46,989
Mediterranean of which Churchill speaks

765
00:38:43,099 --> 00:38:46,989
are merely diversionary

766
00:38:47,510 --> 00:38:54,350
it was the killer blow that night after

767
00:38:51,650 --> 00:38:57,970
he<font color="

768
00:38:54,349 --> 00:39:00,860
returned to his room with Charles Warren

769
00:38:57,969 --> 00:39:06,219
now his other image of Stalin took over

770
00:39:00,860 --> 00:39:06,220
again the future totalitarian oppressor

771
00:39:06,769 --> 00:39:12,550
he pulled up abruptly so that he stood

772
00:39:09,440 --> 00:39:15,289
looking down at me his eyes popping I

773
00:39:12,550 --> 00:39:17,780
believe man might destroy man and wipe

774
00:39:15,289 --> 00:39:21,730
out civilization<font color="

775
00:39:17,780 --> 00:39:24,590
desolate and I may be held responsible

776
00:39:21,730 --> 00:39:26,480
until he came here the PM could not

777
00:39:24,590 --> 00:39:28,850
bring himself to believe that face to

778
00:39:26,480 --> 00:39:31,789
face with Stalin the democracies would

779
00:39:28,849 --> 00:39:33,880
take different courses now he sees he

780
00:39:31,789 --> 00:39:37,070
<font color="

781
00:39:33,880 --> 00:39:38,680
what matters more he realizes that the

782
00:39:37,070 --> 00:39:41,740
Russians see this too

783
00:39:38,679 --> 00:39:44,089
Stalin will be able to do as he pleases

784
00:39:41,739 --> 00:39:47,839
will he become a menace to the free

785
00:39:44,090 --> 00:39:50,769
world another Hitler the PM is appalled

786
00:39:47,840 --> 00:39:50,769
by his own impotence

787
00:39:52,360 --> 00:40:00,200
Churchill was<font color="

788
00:39:55,760 --> 00:40:02,360
coming months rub salt in his rooms as

789
00:40:00,199 --> 00:40:04,159
the Red Army raced into Poland the

790
00:40:02,360 --> 00:40:08,200
British and Americans were ground down

791
00:40:04,159 --> 00:40:08,199
in a long hard slog in Italy

792
00:40:11,309 --> 00:40:18,809
d-day the invasion of France which

793
00:40:14,619 --> 00:40:23,920
Churchill had opposed for so long Jamia

794
00:40:18,809 --> 00:40:27,690
he was a disappointed<font color="

795
00:40:23,920 --> 00:40:30,159
1944 he looked very old and very tired

796
00:40:27,690 --> 00:40:33,039
he said he could still always sleep well

797
00:40:30,159 --> 00:40:34,629
eat well and especially drink well but

798
00:40:33,039 --> 00:40:36,730
that he no longer jumped out<font color="

799
00:40:34,630 --> 00:40:38,260
way he used to and felt as if he would

800
00:40:36,730 --> 00:40:41,170
be quite content to spend the whole day

801
00:40:38,260 --> 00:40:44,760
in bed I've never yet heard him admit

802
00:40:41,170 --> 00:40:44,760
that he was beginning to fail

803
00:40:47,000 --> 00:40:54,489
[Music]

804
00:40:49,420 --> 00:40:57,519
then on June<font color="

805
00:40:54,489 --> 00:40:59,229
fell to the British and Americans with

806
00:40:57,519 --> 00:41:02,429
Nazi resistance beginning to crumble

807
00:40:59,230 --> 00:41:06,349
they headed north through Italy

808
00:41:02,429 --> 00:41:08,899
[Applause]

809
00:41:06,349 --> 00:41:09,870
Churchill's suddenly saw a last-gasp

810
00:41:08,900 --> 00:41:18,429
opportunity

811
00:41:09,869 --> 00:41:18,429
[Music]

812
00:41:22,150 --> 00:41:30,608
d-day<font color="

813
00:41:28,659 --> 00:41:32,889
France was underway with far fewer

814
00:41:30,608 --> 00:41:34,230
immediate casualties than Churchill had

815
00:41:32,889 --> 00:41:37,379
ever imagined possible

816
00:41:34,230 --> 00:41:37,380
[Music]

817
00:41:40,610 --> 00:41:45,650
two weeks later the Russian army

818
00:41:43,340 --> 00:41:51,820
launched its summer offensive

819
00:41:45,650 --> 00:41:51,820
[Music]

820
00:41:51,920 --> 00:41:56,119
while the British and Americans slugged

821
00:41:54,079 --> 00:41:58,130
their way through France has seemed

822
00:41:56,119 --> 00:42:00,500
every prospect that all of Eastern and

823
00:41:58,130 --> 00:42:02,960
Central Europe would fall to Stalin as

824
00:42:00,500 --> 00:42:09,280
Churchill had long feared

825
00:42:02,960 --> 00:42:11,920
[Music]

826
00:42:09,280 --> 00:42:14,620
but now at the very last minute

827
00:42:11,920 --> 00:42:17,070
Churchill saw one final chance to win

828
00:42:14,619 --> 00:42:20,308
his<font color="

829
00:42:17,070 --> 00:42:20,309
[Music]

830
00:42:21,440 --> 00:42:26,579
after the fall of Rome many of the

831
00:42:24,358 --> 00:42:28,139
British and American troops in Italy was

832
00:42:26,579 --> 00:42:30,559
supposed to be switching to the invasion

833
00:42:28,139 --> 00:42:33,299
of southern France operation Dragoon

834
00:42:30,559 --> 00:42:36,719
<font color="

835
00:42:33,300 --> 00:42:38,910
scheduled for mid-august but British

836
00:42:36,719 --> 00:42:40,858
commanders in Italy now suggested a

837
00:42:38,909 --> 00:42:43,980
break out by a Trieste and Ljubljana

838
00:42:40,858 --> 00:42:45,838
into the Balkans and Central Europe the

839
00:42:43,980 --> 00:42:51,809
very thing Churchill had always wanted

840
00:42:45,838 --> 00:42:53,820
his alternative strategy to achieve the

841
00:42:51,809 --> 00:42:56,239
overall Allied commander General

842
00:42:53,820 --> 00:42:59,660
Eisenhower would have no truck with it

843
00:42:56,239 --> 00:43:02,909
witheringly he cabled Roosevelt

844
00:42:59,659 --> 00:43:06,960
wandering off overland via Trieste and

845
00:43:02,909 --> 00:43:09,629
Ljubljana repeat Ljubljana is to indulge

846
00:43:06,960 --> 00:43:14,880
in conjecture to an unwarranted degree

847
00:43:09,630 --> 00:43:16,710
at the present time cables flew across

848
00:43:14,880 --> 00:43:20,990
the<font color="

849
00:43:16,710 --> 00:43:20,990
fought out the Battle of strategies

850
00:43:21,019 --> 00:43:28,019
finally Roosevelt confessed is

851
00:43:23,369 --> 00:43:30,780
overriding concern I am mindful of our

852
00:43:28,019 --> 00:43:33,300
agreement with Stalin as to an operation

853
00:43:30,780 --> 00:43:35,700
against the South of France I cannot

854
00:43:33,300 --> 00:43:38,130
accept without<font color="

855
00:43:35,699 --> 00:43:40,819
any course of action which abandons this

856
00:43:38,130 --> 00:43:40,820
operation

857
00:43:44,610 --> 00:43:52,750
Churchill was enraged yet again Stalin

858
00:43:48,429 --> 00:43:54,579
was dictating events the planned

859
00:43:52,750 --> 00:43:58,269
invasion of southern France seemed to

860
00:43:54,579 --> 00:44:00,219
him pointless on June 30th he drafted

861
00:43:58,269 --> 00:44:01,239
<font color="

862
00:44:00,219 --> 00:44:04,539
to the president

863
00:44:01,239 --> 00:44:07,059
I cannot exaggerate the seriousness of

864
00:44:04,539 --> 00:44:10,809
this issue the whole campaign in Italy

865
00:44:07,059 --> 00:44:13,210
is being ruined if my departure from the

866
00:44:10,809 --> 00:44:15,699
scene would ease matters by tendering my

867
00:44:13,210 --> 00:44:19,119
resignation to the king I would gladly

868
00:44:15,699 --> 00:44:20,919
<font color="

869
00:44:19,119 --> 00:44:23,079
the demand of the public to know the

870
00:44:20,920 --> 00:44:26,349
reasons would do great injury to the

871
00:44:23,079 --> 00:44:28,389
fighting troops in the Mediterranean but

872
00:44:26,349 --> 00:44:30,400
no one contemplated that everything that

873
00:44:28,389 --> 00:44:33,009
was hopeful in the Mediterranean should

874
00:44:30,400 --> 00:44:35,740
be flung on one side<font color="

875
00:44:33,010 --> 00:44:37,720
orange in order that some minor benefits

876
00:44:35,739 --> 00:44:40,169
might come to help the theater of your

877
00:44:37,719 --> 00:44:40,169
command

878
00:44:43,268 --> 00:44:49,049
so strong was the language the Churchill

879
00:44:46,309 --> 00:44:52,179
having drafted it sat on the cable

880
00:44:49,050 --> 00:44:52,179
[Music]

881
00:44:53,420 --> 00:45:00,300
that night he met his military chiefs

882
00:44:56,960 --> 00:45:03,630
<font color="

883
00:45:00,300 --> 00:45:06,570
would get the British know were June the

884
00:45:03,630 --> 00:45:08,940
29th 1944 just back from a meeting with

885
00:45:06,570 --> 00:45:10,289
Winston I thought at first we might have

886
00:45:08,940 --> 00:45:12,780
<font color="

887
00:45:10,289 --> 00:45:14,400
wanted to fight the president however in

888
00:45:12,780 --> 00:45:17,010
the end we got him to agree to our

889
00:45:14,400 --> 00:45:18,450
outlook which is all right if you insist

890
00:45:17,010 --> 00:45:20,010
on<font color="

891
00:45:18,449 --> 00:45:22,019
sooner than falling out with you which

892
00:45:20,010 --> 00:45:24,060
would be fatal we shall be damned fools

893
00:45:22,019 --> 00:45:26,400
with you and we shall see that we

894
00:45:24,059 --> 00:45:33,230
perform the role of damned fools damned

895
00:45:26,400 --> 00:45:36,389
well a new telegram was drafted

896
00:45:33,230 --> 00:45:39,840
Churchill reluctantly conceded the told

897
00:45:36,389 --> 00:45:42,449
Roosevelt the decision was the first

898
00:45:39,840 --> 00:45:46,380
major<font color="

899
00:45:42,449 --> 00:45:47,879
which we too have to be responsible it

900
00:45:46,380 --> 00:45:49,820
was the first time Churchill had

901
00:45:47,880 --> 00:45:54,090
admitted to Roosevelt his ulterior

902
00:45:49,820 --> 00:45:57,030
political motive and as for consulting

903
00:45:54,090 --> 00:45:58,769
Stalin what would be the point as

904
00:45:57,030 --> 00:46:02,280
<font color="

905
00:45:58,769 --> 00:46:05,130
understatement on a long-term political

906
00:46:02,280 --> 00:46:07,290
view Stalin might prefer that the

907
00:46:05,130 --> 00:46:09,420
British and the Americans do their share

908
00:46:07,289 --> 00:46:11,849
in France in the very heart fighting

909
00:46:09,420 --> 00:46:13,619
that is to come and that East middle and

910
00:46:11,849 --> 00:46:17,210
southern Europe<font color="

911
00:46:13,619 --> 00:46:17,210
into his control

912
00:46:17,869 --> 00:46:21,289
[Music]

913
00:46:33,199 --> 00:46:39,868
on August the 15th 1944 Allied forces

914
00:46:37,530 --> 00:46:42,079
invaded southern France in operation

915
00:46:39,869 --> 00:46:42,079
Dragoon

916
00:46:45,269 --> 00:46:55,210
militarily the invasion was a success

917
00:46:48,780 --> 00:46:56,859
reinforcing the push through France as

918
00:46:55,210 --> 00:46:59,010
to<font color="

919
00:46:56,858 --> 00:47:02,608
strategy could have been more successful

920
00:46:59,010 --> 00:47:02,609
opinion is divided

921
00:47:03,309 --> 00:47:10,989
but one man agreed with him Mark Clark

922
00:47:06,639 --> 00:47:14,650
the top American general in Italy after

923
00:47:10,989 --> 00:47:17,109
the war Clark wrote the weakening of the

924
00:47:14,650 --> 00:47:19,450
campaign in Italy<font color="

925
00:47:17,110 --> 00:47:21,400
southern France instead of pushing on

926
00:47:19,449 --> 00:47:24,699
into the Balkans was one of the

927
00:47:21,400 --> 00:47:27,220
outstanding mistakes of the war Stalin

928
00:47:24,699 --> 00:47:29,469
knew exactly what he wanted and the

929
00:47:27,219 --> 00:47:32,079
thing he most wanted was to keep us out

930
00:47:29,469 --> 00:47:33,759
of<font color="

931
00:47:32,079 --> 00:47:36,130
have changed the whole history of

932
00:47:33,760 --> 00:47:38,740
relations between the Western world and

933
00:47:36,130 --> 00:47:40,769
the Soviet Union was permitted to fade

934
00:47:38,739 --> 00:47:40,769
away

935
00:47:45,639 --> 00:47:50,078
whether or not Clark and Churchill were

936
00:47:47,798 --> 00:47:52,239
right<font color="

937
00:47:50,079 --> 00:47:54,039
British and Americans could now do to

938
00:47:52,239 --> 00:47:55,568
stop the Russian army occupying the

939
00:47:54,039 --> 00:48:00,609
nations of Eastern Europe and the

940
00:47:55,568 --> 00:48:04,808
Balkans but what Stalin allow those

941
00:48:00,608 --> 00:48:06,848
nations their freedom Roosevelt had

942
00:48:04,809 --> 00:48:09,640
vetoed the use of military strategy to

943
00:48:06,849 --> 00:48:11,680
block Stalin<font color="

944
00:48:09,639 --> 00:48:17,980
to persuade the Soviet leader to play

945
00:48:11,679 --> 00:48:20,739
the Democratic game those would be the

946
00:48:17,980 --> 00:48:22,838
final duel of the warlords and decide

947
00:48:20,739 --> 00:48:24,650
what sort of Europe emerged from the

948
00:48:22,838 --> 00:48:37,779
ashes

949
00:48:24,650 --> 00:48:37,780
[Music]